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Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, are solid masses made up of crystals that form in the kidneys. These stones can vary in size, ranging from as small as a grain of sand to as large as a golf ball. They form when certain substances in the urine, such as calcium, oxalate, and uric acid, become highly concentrated and crystallize. The formation of kidney stones can cause excruciating pain, typically felt in the lower back or side, and may radiate to the groin or abdomen. Other symptoms may include blood in the urine, nausea, vomiting, and frequent urination. Treatment options for kidney stones depend on their size and location but may include pain management, medications to help pass the stone, or procedures such as lithotripsy to break up the stone into smaller fragments for easier passage through the urinary tract. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove the stone.