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Kidney stones are one of the most painful medical conditions affecting humans. Although the exact cause is unknown, there are factors that can lead to kidney stones. These factors include a diet that contains too much sodium, a high-calcium intake, dehydration, a low intake of fluid, and a genetic predisposition. Kidney stones can range in size from microscopic to several millimeters. Kidney stones are often found in the upper or lower urinary tract. Treatment usually involves pain management, analgesics, and the use of oral medications. Surgery is used for some patients. For some people, surgery is a last resort.