Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), also known as polycystic ovarian syndrome, is a hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS may have infrequent, prolonged, or unpredictable menstrual cycles. Some may experience heavy bleeding, while others may have very light periods or even skip them altogether. PCOS is associated with elevated levels of androgens (male hormones) in the body, such as testosterone. This can lead to symptoms like hirsutism (excessive hair growth on the face, chest, or other areas), acne, and male-pattern baldness. Despite its name, not all women with PCOS have ovarian cysts. However, the condition is characterized by the presence of multiple small cysts on the ovaries. These cysts are actually follicles that have not developed properly and have become filled with fluid. Many women with PCOS have insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin. This can lead to high levels of insulin in the blood, which in turn can contribute to weight gain and difficulties in maintaining a healthy weight. PCOS is associated with an increased risk of metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol levels. These conditions can further increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. The exact cause of PCOS is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is currently no cure for PCOS, but its symptoms can be managed through various approaches, including lifestyle modifications, medications, and hormonal therapies.